immunoreactivity

Two days following unilateral section of the cervical vagus nerve, there was a dramatic ipsilateral increase in P2X1, P2X2, and P2X4 receptor
immunoreactivity in the cell soma of vagal efferent neurons in the dorsal vagal motor nucleus, but not in the nucleus ambiguous (72). Following
surgical sympathectomy, 28% of the spontaneously active afferent fibers in sciatic nerve responded to ATP, compared with none in intact rats
(343). After nerve injury, P2X4 receptor expression increased strikingly in hyperactive microglia, but not in neurons or astrocytes, in the
ipsilateral spinal cord; this appears to be associated with tactile allodynia (1731 and see sect. XIB9).

The sympathetic nervous system has been shown to modulate macrophage function (331), and
alterations in T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation have been described following chemical sympathectomy (1090). Close
contacts between enteric nerves and lymphocytes in mouse intestinal mucosa and submucosa have been reported (402, 630).

Sympathetic and sensory nerves innervate bone, and sympathectomy modifies bone development and resorption (see Ref. 166). ATP, probably
released as a cotransmitter with NE, regulates Ca2+ metabolism in osteoblast-like bone cells (979). Evidence has been presented to demonstrate a
role for the sympathetic nervous system in controlling bone density via leptin that activates hypothalamic nerves, which in turn activate the
sympathetic nerves that innervate osteoblasts. ATP has been shown to inhibit bone formation by osteoblasts and to stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts .
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Purinergic Neurotransmission
Geoffrey Burnstock
Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UnitedKingdom

Reccurrence of symptoms in 17.6% patients!

TS Chiou

Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2005 Feb

Overall, 88 patients (96.7%) developed compensatory hyperhidrosis, with the mean initial occurrence at 8.2 weeks. The symptoms of compensatory hyperhidrosis progressively worsened to the maximum degree within another 2 weeks after onset (mean 10.3+/-1.83 weeks). In 19 patients (21.6%), symptoms of compensatory hyperhidrosis improved spontaneously within 3 months after sympathectomy (mean 13.3 weeks). Postoperative compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred in 71.4% of patients within the 1st year. Recurrent sweating occurred in only 17.6% of patients. None of these patients required repeated operation. The earliest onset of recurrent sweating was noted at 2 weeks postoperatively by three patients, and the mean initial postoperative reccurrence was 32.7 weeks after surgery.

Skin blood flow, sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes and pain before and after surgical sympathectomy

Changes in vascular sensitivity to cold temperature and circulating catecholamines may be responsible for vascular abnormalities. Alternatively, RSD may be associated with an abnormal (side different) reflex pattern of sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons due to thermoregulatory and emotional stimuli generated in the central nervous system. (3) After sympathectomy, denervation supersensitivity of blood vessels and intense vasomotion may be associated with recurrence of pain in some patients.
BARON R. ⁽¹⁾ ; MAIER C. ⁽²⁾ ;
⁽¹⁾ Klinik für Neurologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24105 Kiel, ALLEMAGNE
⁽²⁾ Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24105 Kiel, ALLEMAGNE
Elsevier, Amsterdam, PAYS-BAS (1975)

Regulation of adrenal angiotensin receptor subtypes: a possible mechanism for sympathectomy-induced adrenal hypertrophy

Regulation of adrenal angiotensin receptor subtypes: a possible mechanism for sympathectomy-induced adrenal hypertrophy.
Qiu, J., Nelson, S.H., Speth, R.C., Wang, D.H. J. Hypertens. (1999)

Hyperalgesia induced in the rat by the amino-terminal octapeptide of nerve growth factor.

Hyperalgesia induced in the rat by the amino-terminal octapeptide of nerve growth factor.
Taiwo, Y.O., Levine, J.D., Burch, R.M., Woo, J.E., Mobley, W.C.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1991)

Heterogeneous atrial denervation creates substrate for sustained atrial fibrillation.

Heterogeneous sympathetic atrial denervation with phenol facilitates sustained AF (atrial fibrillation).
Olgin, J.S. et al.

Baker Institute - Cardiac synthesis, processing, and coronary release of enkephalin-related peptides

Chemical sympathectomy produced an increase in total enkephalin content similar to that observed after 2-h control perfusion. This observation suggested that the normal turnover of myocardial enkephalin may depend in part on continued sympathetic influences.

⁽¹⁾ Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université d'Auvergne, 63172 Aubière, FRANCE
⁽²⁾ Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 8008, AUSTRALIE
⁽³⁾ Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, ETATS-UNIS
⁽⁴⁾ Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, ETATS-UNIS
YOUNES Antoine ⁽¹⁾ ; PEPE Salvatore ⁽²⁾ ; BARRON Barbara A. ⁽³⁾ ; SPURGEON Harold A. ⁽⁴⁾ ; LAKATTA Edward G. ⁽⁴⁾ ; CAFFREY James L. ⁽³⁾ ;
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology ISSN 0363-6135 CODEN AJPPDI

2000, vol. 48, n^o4, pp. H1989-H1998 (41 ref.)

Sympathectomy eliminates the psychogalvanic reflex

Some Observations on the Psychogalvanic Reflex

ABRAHAM VERGHESE M.D., D.P.M.¹

¹ Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India

Some P.G.R. studies in a female subject who had bilateral cervical sympathectomy were described. It was found that sympathectomy abolished P.G.R. and that intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine evoked marked P.G.R. changes in the sympathectomized limb. These findings support the theory that the P.G.R. is mediated through the cholinergic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Submitted on May 22, 1967

Mia: Was told by a heart specialist, jokingly that the patient can gain employment as spy after sympathectomy: it eliminates fear responses, abolishes the psychogalvanic response, and there will be no sudden jump in heart rate. No problems with lie-detectors....ever.

http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/510/639

Cardiovascular collapse caused by carbon dioxide insufflation during sympathectomy

Carbon dioxide insufflation into the pleural space during one-lung anaesthesia for thoracoscopic surgery is used in some centres to improve surgical access, even though this practice has been associated with well-described cardiovascular compromise. The present report is of a 35-year-old woman undergoing thoracoscopic left dorsal sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis. During one-lung anaesthesia the insufflation of carbon dioxide into the non-ventilated hemithorax for approximately 60 seconds, using a pressure-limited gas inflow, was accompanied by profound bradycardia and hypotension that resolved promptly with the release of the gas.

Harris, R. J.
Benveniste, G.
Pfitzner, John
Citation: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 2002; 30 (1):86-89
Publisher: Australian Society of Anaesthetists

Cervical sympathectomy reduces the heterogeneity of oxygen saturation in small cerebrocortical veins

Sympathectomy significantly reduced this heterogeneity in the anterior cortex through a reduction in the number of low O2 saturation veins (coefficient of variation 11.7%).

H. M. Wei, A. K. Sinha and H. R. Weiss
Department of Anesthesia, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854-5635
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1993 Mar;13(2):269-75

Anterior cingulate cortex: includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex, and appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions like regulation of blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy and emotion.