A qualitative study of the development of social phobia

PÄIVI POHJAVAARA
SOCIAL PHOBIA: AETIOLOGY, COURSE
AND TREATMENT WITH ENDOSCOPIC
SYMPATHETIC BLOCK (ESB)
A qualitative study of the development of social phobia
and its meaning in people's lives and a quantitative study
of ESB as its treatment
Academic Dissertation to be presented with the assent of
the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, for public
discussion in the Väinö Pääkkönen Hall of the Department
of Psychiatry, on December 3rd, 2004, at 12 noon.

Thanks to modern research techniques, we know a lot of the location of attention, emo-
tion and arousal modulation in the brain. Arousal requires involvement of the brain stem,
the thalamus and the cortex, while attention is maintained by the function of the right
frontal lobe (Kaplan & Sadock 1998, Nagahama et al. 2001). The amygdala rates the
emotional importance of an experience, and the limbic system is the centre of human
drives, whose regulation appears to require an intact frontal cortex. Crude emotions are
produced and handled in the midbrain structures and the olfactory cortex, while distinct-
ly human emotions are generated in the cortex (Kaplan & Sadock 1998).

Homeostatic responses mediated by the autonomic
nervous system are achieved by altering the balance between the sympathetic, parasympa-
thetic and different hormonal systems (Mosqueda-Garcia 1996). The most apparent link
between the autonomic and endocrine systems is manifested by the interactions between
the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.

The neuroanatomical circuits, which support fear and anxiety behaviour, are modulated
by a variety of chemical neurotransmitter systems (Charney 2003). These include the
peptidergic neurotransmitters, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), neuropeptide
Yand substance P, the monoaminergic transmitters, norepinephrine, serotonin and dopam-
ine, and the amino acid transmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate.
The connection between the sympathetic nervous system and the psyche is best seen in
anxiety and especially in social phobia. The observed usefulness of beta-adrenergic antag-
onists in performance phobia supports this hypothesis (Sutherland & Davidson 1995).

There are studies indicating possible supersensitivity of the central serotonin systems in
social phobia and schizophrenia patients (Tancer et al. 1995, Malhotra et al. 1998). It has
been shown using SPECT (Pirker et al. 2000) that, in a solitary case study, the decreased
5-HTT activity of a social phobic patient was normalized by a sympathetic block (Kuikka
et al. 2000). Among the many neurotransmitters implicated in social anxiety disorder, the
complex interactions between the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems and the HPA
axis overlap those found seen in fear and anxiety (Marcin & Nemeroff 2003).

The physical symptoms of social phobia might be treated by blocking the sympathetic
system at the upper thoracic level with a surgical procedure (Crozier 2001, Telaranta
1998). Sympathectomy was first used to treat the exophthalmos of Basedow disease
(Jonnesco 1896) and angina pectoris (Le Riche 1913, Jonnesco 1921) in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. Its beneficial effect on the treatment of facial sweating was noticed
as early as the 1930s, and its impact on palmar sweating was reported in the 1950s, when
the procedure was already carried out endoscopically (Kux 1954).

Endoscopic sympathicotomy and endoscopic sympathetic block strongly influence typical symptoms of patients with social phobia

Social phobia is an anxiety disorder which causes fear and anxiety in social interaction or performance situations and can in its worst forms be very debilitating. The patients tend to isolate themselves and suffer from comorbid disorders such as depression, other anxiety disorders and drug and alcohol abuse. Traditional treatment methods such as medication and psychotherapy cause improvement in only 50–70% of patients. METHODS: 164 patients who had been suffering from social phobia for at least 5 years and who were resistant to conservative treatment (medication and/or psychotherapy) were enrolled in this open, uncontrolled, prospective follow-up study. 71 patients underwent endoscopic sympathicotomy (cauterisation); 93 underwent endoscopic sympathetic block (clamping) of the T2–T3 ganglia. Severity of psychic and physical symptoms was assessed by a modified version of Davidson’s brief social phobia scale and patients’ satisfaction was evaluated 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Fear of observation, performance anxiety and embarrassment were alleviated and alertness increased. Likewise, palpitations, trembling of hands and heads, blushing and hyperhidrosis were relieved. All changes were statistically significant. Patients’ satisfaction was high and remained stable over time. Gender, age, and education did not influence satisfaction rates. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic sympathicotomy and endoscopic sympathetic block strongly influence typical symptoms of patients with social phobia.

JournalEuropean Surgery
Volume 37, Number 3 / June, 2005

http://www.springerlink.com/content/w986882515290647/