The amount of compensatory sweating depends on the patient, the damage that the white rami communicans incurs, and the amount of cell body reorganization in the spinal cord after surgery.
Other potential complications include inadequate resection of the ganglia, gustatory sweating, pneumothorax, cardiac dysfunction, post-operative pain, and finally Horner’s syndrome secondary to resection of the stellate ganglion.
www.ubcmj.com/pdf/ubcmj_2_1_2010_24-29.pdf

After severing the cervical sympathetic trunk, the cells of the cervical sympathetic ganglion undergo transneuronic degeneration
After severing the sympathetic trunk, the cells of its origin undergo complete disintegration within a year.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1967.tb00255.x/abstract

Sunday, January 27, 2008

calcium accumulation following sympathectomy

Developmental status of sympathetic innervation in relation to calcium accumulation by submandibular gland following reserpine, surgical sympathectomy or cyclocytidine

CA Schneyer and JH Yu
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol 179, 143-146, Copyright © 1985 by Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

number of hemorrhages in the denervated half of the brain...

Sh. S. Tashaev

Received: 17 March 1980


Adaptive function of the sympathetic innervation of the cerebral vessels during rapid changes in systemic arterial pressure


The number of hemorrhages in the denervated half of the brain, which was twice that. in the intact half, is evidence that the sympathetic innervation of the ...
www.springerlink.com/index/T8J46575171L3G34.pdf - Similar pages - Note this

Without Abstract

Key Words adaptation - hemorrhage - hypotension - hypertension - reinfusion

Laboratory of Physiology of the Cerebral Circulation, Professor A. L. Polenov Leningrad Neurosurgical Research Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. N. Chernigovskii.) Translated from Byulleten'' Éksperimental''noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 90, No. 11, pp. 543–546, November, 1980.

sympathetic innervation, adrenergic receptors, and a possible local catecholamine production in the development of patellar tendinopathy (tendinosis)

Studies on the importance of sympathetic innervation, adrenergic receptors, and a possible local catecholamine production in the development of patellar tendinopathy (tendinosis) in man
Patrik Danielson 1 *, Håkan Alfredson 2, Sture Forsgren 1
1Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
2Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
email: Patrik Danielson (patrik.danielson@anatomy.umu.se)

*Correspondence to Patrik Danielson, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden

Funded by:
Faculty of Medicine at Umeå University
The Swedish National Centre for Research in Sports
The County Council of Västerbotten
The Arnerska Research Foundation

Keywords
tyrosine hydroxylase • (alpha)-1 • (alpha)-2A • (beta)-1 • adrenoreceptors • tenocytes
Abstract
Changes in the patterns of production and in the effects of signal substances may be involved in the development of tendinosis, a chronic condition of pain in human tendons. There is no previous information concerning the patterns of sympathetic innervation in the human patellar tendon. In this study, biopsies of normal and tendinosis patellar tendons were investigated with immunohistochemical methods, including the use of antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y, and against 1-, 2A-, and 1-adrenoreceptors. It was noticed that most of the sympathetic innervation was detected in the walls of the blood vessels entering the tendon through the paratendinous tissue, and that the tendon tissue proper of the normal and tendinosis tendons was very scarcely innervated. Immunoreactions for adrenergic receptors were noticed in nerve fascicles containing both sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers. High levels of these receptors were also detected in the blood vessel walls; 1-adrenoreceptor immunoreactions being clearly more pronounced in the tendinosis tendons than in the tendons of controls. Interestingly, immunoreactions for adrenergic receptors and TH were noted for the tendon cells (tenocytes), especially in tendinosis tendons. The findings give a morphological correlate for the occurrence of sympathetically mediated effects in the patellar tendon and autocrine/paracrine catecholamine mechanisms for the tenocytes, particularly, in tendinosis. The observation of adrenergic receptors on tenocytes is interesting, as stimulation of these receptors can lead to cell proliferation, degeneration, and apoptosis, events which are all known to occur in tendinosis. Furthermore, the results imply that a possible source of catecholamine production might be the tenocytes themselves. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Received: 4 July 2006; Accepted: 26 October 2006

If you are wondering why did you gain weight since your sympathectomy....

: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Jun;286(6):R1167-75.

Sympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue and its regulation of fat cell number.

Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.

White adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the central origins of this innervation have been demonstrated for inguinal and epididymal WAT (iWAT and eWAT, respectively) using a viral transneuronal tract tracer, the pseudorabies virus (PRV). Although the more established role of this sympathetic innervation of WAT is as a major stimulator of lipid mobilization, this innervation also inhibits WAT fat cell number (FCN); thus, local denervation of WAT leads to marked increases in WAT mass and FCN. The purpose of this study was to extend our understanding of the SNS regulation of FCN using neuroanatomical and functional analyses. Therefore, we injected PRV into retroperitoneal WAT (rWAT) to compare the SNS outflow to this pad from what already is known for iWAT and eWAT. In addition, we tested the ability of local unilateral denervation of rWAT or iWAT to promote increases in WAT mass and FCN vs. their contralateral neurally intact counterparts. Although the overall pattern of innervation was more similar than different for rWAT vs. iWAT or eWAT, its SNS outflow appeared to involve more neurons in the suprachiasmatic and solitary tract nuclei. Denervation produced significant increases in WAT mass and FCN for both iWAT and rWAT, but FCN was increased significantly more in iWAT than in rWAT. These data suggest differences in origins of the sympathetic outflow to WAT and functional differences in the WAT SNS innervation that could contribute to the differential propensity for fat cell proliferation across WAT depots in vivo.

The nervous system and adipose tissue

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ADIPOSE TISSUE
Katharine Dalziel, MD, MBBS, MRCP
1989

...whereas sympathectomy abolishes the
vasoconstrictor reaction, indicating that it is mediated by a local sympathetic axon
reflex.

Extraneous agents, such as large doses of alcohol and morphine, cause increased
lipolysis. This action can be blocked by chemical sympathectomy and is believed to be
due to stimulation of the sympathetic system within the central nervous system.9
Thus the control of metabolism in white fat is complex and dependent on many factors,
both within the adipocytes themselves and in the organism as a whole.

Total chemical sympathectomy in experimental
animals results in loss of shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis, and death within a
few hours.9

Since the effects of sympathectomy on the denervated
area are profound with increased blood flow and warmth and decreased sweating, it is
possible that pain relief is secondary to these phenomena without requiring any sort of
aberrant neural conduction.


This has occurred after stellate ganglion
block37 and lumbar sympathectomy.38 McCallurn and Glynn37 propose that increased
activity in the sympathetic nerves as the effects of the anesthetic block lessen cause
pain, particularly in circumstances where there was abnormal sympathetic activity
before the procedure (such as sympathetic dystrophy). This type of pain is often
resistant to opioid analgesics but may respond well to transcutaneous nerve stimulation.

A similar reduction of fat
mobilization from fat depots occurs after VMH lesions, as after local sympathectomy,
suggesting that the sympathetic pathway to the adipose tissue runs through the VMH.71
These hypothalamic control areas are themselves sensitive to feedback mechanisms.

Lactation and sympathectomy

Cannon and Bright (1) concluded that the autonomic nervous system was
essential to lactation, from their work with a sympathectomized dog. They
describe the effect as a belated one which caused the mother to be indifferent
to her young and the gathering of a viscous, creamy material in the glands.

FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE EJECTION OF MILK*
FORDYCE ELY
Kent~wky Agricultural Experiment Station
AND
W. E. PETERSEN
Minnesota Agricultilral Experiment Station

effect on lactation

A BELATED EFFECT OF SYMPATHECTOMY ON LACTATION
Cannon and Bright Am J Physiol.1931; 97: 319-321